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INDEPENDENCE DAY IN I797 



OAKHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 




BY 



HENRY P. WRIGHT 



OAKHAM HISTORICAL SOCIETY' 




INDEPENDENCE DAY IN 1797 



OAKHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 




BY 



HENRY P. WRIGHT 



OAKHAM HISTORICAL SOCIETY 






(hnte) 

APR L l* u 



THE TUTTI.K, MOREHOUSE AND TAYLOR COMPANY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 






\3 



INDEPENDENCE DAY IN 1797 IN OAKHAM 

Read before the Oakham Farmers' Club, 
Friday, December 16, 1910 



Among early historical papers relating to Oakham are 
some that, supplemented by tradition, give a very good 
account of a Fourth of July celebration on this hilltop in 
the year 1797. The town had been settled less than fifty 
years, but the population was more than forty per cent 
larger than it is now; the three most thickly settled dis- 
tricts being the north, the northwest, and the southeast 
sections. 

Within the limits of the present village, in the center of 
the town, were the meeting-house, the schoolhouse, the inn, 
and two dwelling-houses. The meeting-house, which stood 
a little northeast of the site of Memorial Hall, was an 
unpainted wooden structure, long and narrow, and black- 
ened by thirty-five years' exposure to the weather. On 
account of its funereal aspect, the wags called it "the coffin- 
colored meeting-house." Coffins then were always black. 
It faced south, with the pulpit on the north side ; and, as if 
to insure good winter ventilation in a building that was 
never warmed by a fire-place or a stove, there were three 
outside doors, each opening directly into the audience- 
room, — one on the south side, and one at each end. Accord- 
ing to tradition, in the coldest winter weather the minister 
preached in overcoat and mittens, and during the second 
hour of the sermon the men in the audience sometimes had 
to stamp their feet on the floor to keep them warm, while 



— 4— 

the women tried to make themselves less uncomfortable by 
the use of foot-stoves. On the floor of the house were 
twenty-six old-fashioned square pews for the better families. 
For those who could not afford to own pews, there were 
six long seats in front of the pulpit, and similar seats in the 
east, west, and south galleries. In all these seats the men 
and women were separated, the women occupying those 
toward the east end, and the men those toward the west. 
The east gallery was reached by "the women's stairs" and 
the west by "the men's stairs." The pulpit was high, the 
minister's desk being on a level with the gallery. The sec- 
ond public building was the center schoolhouse, on the edge 
of the Common and just east of the site of the Fobes 
Memorial Library. The inn, kept by Major Artemus Howe, 
was the house in which Sibley Woodis now lives. The 
dwelling-houses were the one now occupied by Frank Davis, 
once known as the "Pike house," and another at the Fair- 
bank place, then owned by Jonathan Bullard. 

The space now enclosed within the four village streets 
and known as "The Square" was then covered with a forest 
of large oak, chestnut, and hickory trees. The Common 
and burying ground had been cleared, but several old oaks 
had been left standing. There was a large black oak where 
the hay-scales now are, and on the Common southeast of 
the meeting-house were two other large oaks, about thirty 
feet apart, with wide-spreading branches which formed a 
canopy over a sort of natural auditorium sometimes called 
"The Bower." These two oaks were not less than two 
hundred years old, and were standing till about 1830. The 
part of the Common west of the present burying ground 
and church was kept smooth, and was in frequent use as 
a training field. 

This celebration takes us back to a military age. For 
seventy years after the settlement of the town, the country 
was either engaged in war or liable to become so. Even 



-5- 

at this time there was great danger of a war with France. 1 
Every able-bodied young man was a member of the military 
company of the town and was drilled in the manual of arms 
and company manoeuvers. If he was ambitious, he studied 
military tactics and hoped by faithful service to be worthy 
sometime of promotion to military office. The most hon- 
ored official of the town was the captain of the town com- 
pany, who had earned a title which he could carry through 
life and which would be engraved on his tombstone. The 
captain of the Oakham company at this time was John Boyd. 
He was forty-six years of age, and was one of the Oakham 
soldiers in Captain John Crawford's company of minute- 
men who had marched on the Lexington alarm of April 
19th, 1775. He had served also at Ticonderoga in 1776, 
and in other campaigns in Rhode Island and New York. 2 

This was an age, too, when men gave serious attention to 
whatever they undertook. Independence Day meant more 
to them than any other day of the year. It was a day hal- 



1 To be in readiness for war, the soldiers were kept in regular 
training and a part of them were detailed and equipped to march 
without delay. One of the articles in the warrant for a town 
meeting on October 4th of this year (1797) was: — 

"To see what encouragement the town will vote to give to 
the minutemen now called for in addition to their continental 
pay, if they should be called to march. 

"Voted that the minutemen now raised should be made up to 
the ten dollars per month, including their continental pay, from 
the time that they shall actually march until they are dismissed." 
Oakham Town Records, Vol. II, p. 354. 

2 John Boyd was a man of much ability and of good education. 
He was a surveyor and was employed by the town for many years 
to make tax rates. In 1792 he was commissioned Lieutenant and 
in 1794 Captain of the Oakham Company of Massachusetts Militia. 
He was often Assessor, and was eight times Selectman of Oakham, 
in the years 1781, 1788, 1791, 1794, 1797, 1799, 1801, and 1802. In 
1781 he was married to Judith Hall of Cornish. Captain Boyd 
died in Oakham, August 12, 1833, at the age of eighty-two years. 



—6— 

lowed by sacrifice. They had not forgotten the hardships 
and losses of the Revolutionary War, which had closed only 
fourteen years before. They were enjoying their newly 
earned liberties, and were proud of America. We cannot 
think of them as celebrating the birthday of American inde- 
pendence by witnessing anything that would correspond 
to a game of baseball, or a stage-play, or an automobile 
race; nor can we imagine them introducing comic features 
into the celebration, as we were wont to do in our recent 
field-days. We must expect that their celebration will be 
dignified and loyal, partly religious, and characterized by a 
martial spirit. 

It is safe to say that all who attended this celebration, 
from whatever distance, came on foot or on horseback. 
The roads were not good enough to make riding in a wagon 
without springs as comfortable as riding on horseback, and 
wagons were very uncommon. As early as May ist, 1776, 
Francis Maynard had driven from Rutland to Oakham in 
what was called in his account-book a "chaise," but the 
chaise belonged in Rutland. On October 28th, 1795, the 
mother of John Robinson rode from Northboro to Oakham 
in a "wagon," but this was owned in Northboro. There 
was probably not a four-wheeled wagon in Oakham in 1797, 
though there were plenty of two-wheeled carts drawn by 
oxen. It is worthy of notice that the people of Oakham 
did not take the whole of this Fourth of July for a holiday. 
It was the busy season of the year ; they were mostly farm- 
ers, and work on the farm could not be wholly neglected. 

The celebration began with religious exercises. At twelve 
o'clock, noon, the soldiers and citizens of this and neighbor- 
ing towns gathered at the meeting-house. The veterans of 
the Revolution, about fifty in number, occupied the six 
long seats directly in front of the pulpit, while the soldiers, 
having stacked their arms in front of the meeting-house, 
marched in with their guests from neighboring towns and 



— 7— 

took the square pews. The citizens of the town were seated 
in the east and west galleries, and the singers in the gallery 
opposite the pulpit. Father Tomlinson offered prayer and 
made what was termed by one who heard it a "pathetic 
address" to the officers and soldiers. This address is not 
preserved. It no doubt consisted mainly of expressions of 
gratitude to the Revolutionary heroes, praises of Washing- 
ton and Adams, and some defence of the principles of the 
Federal party. 3 

From a Fourth of July oration delivered four years later 
under the oaks on the Common by Father Tomlinson, whose 
speech was usually plain and unadorned, the following pas- 
sages are quoted as specimens of the subjects and style of 
Fourth of July oratory that interested the country people 
of that day : 

America, all glorious in liberty, America, the nursery of Patriots, 
Science and Virtue, has echoed and re-echoed the Columbian general 
and his victorious army. Loquacious fame has so echoed and 
re-echoed, with the brilliancy of genius, the sagacity of our Wash- 
ington, the jurisprudence of our legislators, and diplomatic skill of 
our arbiters that novelty cannot be expected, on these subjects, from 
the speaker. I shall not discant even on the characters the most 
prolific in exhibiting the sprightliness of the genius of our country, 
but it may be thought a crime not to mention the names of Wash- 
ington and Adams, whose talents have shone with exuberant bril- 
liancy in the political Drama. 

The character of Washington has risen to the pinnacle of earthly 
greatness; his memory is embalmed with more than aromatic spice 
in the cordial affections of his Country. As a general, his sagacity 
supplied the want of men and warlike implements. He was wisdom 
in the Cabinet, heroism in the Field, the gentleman in the estimation 
of the bon ton, the scholar by the united voice of men of science, 
the Christian by profession. His administration was equable and 
propitious ; his ideas truly sublime ; his style simplex munditiis. His 



3 The voters of Oakham at this time were Federalists to a man. 
In the presidential election held the previous year, every ballot cast 
was for the John Adams elector. 



— 8— 

farewell address to the citizens of America might with propriety be 
written in letters of gold. 

The illustrious Adams has not yet completed a character which 
neither malignity nor time can efface. The predominant features of 
his life evince a oneness of sentiment with the illustrious Wash- 
ington. Decided in his administration, he has guided our political 
Bark through tempestuous seas, under the ensign of neutrality, to the 
gilded shores of peace, plenty, and fame. Neither the intrigues 
nor menacing threats of an opulent, victorious nation, or the domes- 
tic combinations of reviling disorganizers, changed his steady course. 
His enemies, being judges, applaud his stability. One adopts this 
expression : 'As great as Washington, as stable as Adams, as wise 
as Jefferson." The philosophical reasoners of the age have made 
his attachment to religion an essential blemish in his character which 
disqualifies him for a ruler. Their sophistical reasonings have 
deluded some ignorant but honest minds into the belief that a stable 
attachment to religion will necessarily lead to persecution; but of 
all the dispositions and habits incident to man, religion is the most 
tolerant, and, I will add, the most essential to national prosperity. 

We, my fellow citizens, are convened this day to perpetuate in 
memory our national birth. Sweet liberty enstamps her smiling 
visage on every brow. So pleasing a theme as the means by which 
this celestial visitant may be retained to posterity cannot be irksome 
to this numerous audience. Some misguided minds have entertained 
an opinion that parties in a nation are of real utility, serving to 
investigate truth and secure the liberties of the people. History, 
ancient and modern, furnishes us with abundant testimony what 
cruelty and pointed revenge the alternate dominion of factions will 
produce. Party spirit in any community subverts the liberties and 
happiness of a People, and not only terminates in, but is itself, a 
fruitful despotism. Felicity reposes itself in the bosom of unity and 
virtue. Anguish and wretchedness are the inseparable companions 
of discord. Partisans for jealousy against government have arisen, 
insinuating that the liberties of the people are in danger when 
jealousy slumbers. Jealousy has a jaundiced eye; will metamorphose 
virtue itself into the most hideous monster, and is as cruel a tyrant 
as sits on the throne of vice. It destroys the safety of the ruler 
and the enjoyment of the subject. 

The means of communicating light to the rising generation and 
forming the tender mind to receive the principles of virtue ought 
to occupy the attention of every grade of people, to secure our 
independence and national prosperity. Indolent, dissipated persons 



are a burden to the body politic, but in no situation can they be 
placed more hazardous to national freedom than at the head of our 
public schools. As is the teacher, so is the scholar. Patriotism 
cannot be expected, neither can it exist, in barren, unprincipled 
minds. National freedom can be guaranteed to posterity by culti- 
vating the juvenile mind and instilling the principles of religion in 
the early period of life. What prospects are before us may be 
predicted from the predominant dispositions of Columbia's sons. 
If unprincipled illuminati should in some future period be preferred 
by the mass of people to hold the reins of government, Immorality, 
that demagogue of discord, will direct fatal arrows against patriot- 
ism. Religion, the parent and nurse of Republicanism, Liberty, 
Peace, and Happiness, will bid a final adieu to our land. Our 
national honor will be clad in sackcloth and ashes. If any virtuous 
sons remain, they may weep around the urn of liberty, clothed with 
penitence, but loaded with wretchedness and the galling chains of 
tyranny. The words of our great patriot and hero demand the 
attention of this assembly this day. It is substantially true that 
virtue or morality is a necessary spring to popular government. 
Then let not morality be refused a seat in The Bower. 

After Father Tomlinson's address, the singers sang a 
piece of music "suitable to the day." Whether the sing- 
ing was also suitable to this day, or any other day, is not 
stated; it could no doubt have been much improved. At 
two o'clock a large number of gentlemen from New Brain- 
tree, Rutland, Brookfield and Barre dined with the officers 
and company on the Common. They sat on the grass under 
the two large oaks already mentioned, southeast of the 
meeting-house. Beneath the same oaks, eleven years before, 
the Rev. Daniel Tomlinson had been ordained as pastor of 
the Oakham church. Here in the summer, between the 
morning and afternoon services on Sunday, the people 
gathered to tell and hear the news. This was also a com- 
mon gathering place for people who came to the center of 
the town on town meeting or training days, or any other 
public occasion. This dinner was followed by manceuvers 
and exercises by the Oakham company, which continued 



till five o'clock. One who was present throughout the after- 
noon wrote regarding the celebration : "The greatest order 
was preserved, and the manoeuvers and exercises were per- 
formed to the general acceptance." 
Byron many years later wrote: 

"There's naught, no doubt, so much the spirit calms 
As rum and true religion." 

It must be admitted that in this part of New England in 
1797, the meeting-house and the tavern were not hostile 
forces. Only men of influence and character were licensed 
as innholders. The inn was a place for conviviality, but not 
for drunkenness, which was punished with great severity. 
Attendance on Sunday service was well-nigh universal, but 
one who was living at this time told me that he remembered 
only one man in town who abstained on principle from the 
use of spirituous liquors. 

With the ideas that then prevailed, a proper celebration 
of this our first national holiday, therefore, could hardly 
come to an end without further exercises than those in the 
meeting-house, on the Common, and on the parade-ground. 
At five o'clock the soldiers and their guests formed a pro- 
cession and marched to the sound of fife and drum to 
Major Howe's inn. Here the toasts of the day were given. 
In what is now Sibley Woodis's front yard, the citizens 
formed themselves into a semi-circular group, with a tub 
of punch in front. A little beyond, the soldiers were 
arranged in platoons. The toast-master, mounted probably 
on a barrel, announced the toasts in clear tone and with great 
dignity ; to which all drank in response, after cheers by the 
citizens and the firing of salutes by the platoons of soldiers. 
How many hundreds of blank cartridges must have been 
shot into Prospect Hill on that patriotic afternoon! At a 
much later period, when the Oakham company was firing 
by platoons on the parade ground, a clumsy soldier left his 



— II — 

ramrod in his gun-barrel and shot it across the Park into 
the roof of the village hotel (later Mr. Wheeler's Park View 
Inn). This unexpected bombardment of the hotel greatly 
lessened the interest of the spectators, who were gathered 
in front of the building, none of whom waited to witness 
another shot. 

There were sixteen toasts in all, as follows : 

i. Independence : the day we celebrate. May American inde- 
pendence ever felicitate a free, virtuous, and independent people, 
under virtuous laws. Three cheers. 

2. The Federal Government. May the boon of Federalism 
chase discordant gloom from Columbia's sons, and friendship 
entwine the sister states. Three cheers. 

3. George Washington, whose brilliant virtues have dignified the 
human race, and eclipsed the glory of heroes and statesmen. May 
his private retreat be accompanied with the gratitude of freemen, 
and the blessings of his Creator, and the same laurels shroud his 
grave. Nine cheers. 

4. The President. May his tried patriotism embellish the 
federal chair, and wisdom guide him through the sable aspects of 
impending foreign storms. Three cheers. 

5. The Vice President, Senate, and House of Representatives. 
May the shocks of foreign earthquakes never shake the guardians of 
our country. Three cheers. 

6. America's freeborn sons. May virtue be their rural shades at 
home, their crown in foreign courts, and a sweet perfume for 
immortality. Three cheers. 

7. The Republics of France and America. May the clouds of 
misunderstanding soon be dispersed, and a sincere, equitable, and 
perpetual alliance be the result. Three cheers. 

8. Gen. Pinckney. May his patriotism meet its just reward, the 
approbation of his countrymen. Six cheers. 

9. The Government and people of Massachusetts. May they rise 
above faction and discord. Three cheers. 

10. The agriculture of America. May encouragement be given to 
sow, those who sow reap, and the world be filled with plenty. Three 
cheers. 

11. Commerce. May our flag wave over every ocean. Three 
cheers. 

12. May our brave seamen want neither courage nor will to pro- 
tect our flag against all insults. Three cheers. 



— 12 — 

13. The Militia of the United States. May it prove a bulwark 
against all invaders. Three cheers. 

14. The Patriots of '75. Three cheers. 

15. May the memory of those heroes, who have fallen in the 
cause of their country, be preserved inviolate. Three cheers. 

16. The American Fair. May their innocence be cherished and 
defended ; and may industry and economy be found in all our habita- 
tions. Nine cheers. 

In explanation of toasts three, four, five and eight, it may 
be noted that Washington had closed his second term as 
President two months before, and John Adams of Massa- 
chusetts, a Federalist, had been inaugurated as President. 
Thomas Jefferson, anti-Federalist, was Vice President. 
Gen. C. C. Pinckney of South Carolina, a Federalist, had 
been appointed United States Minister to France the pre- 
ceding year, but the feeling against America was such that 
France would not receive him. On his return home he was 
appointed Major General of the United States Army. He 
was the Federalist candidate for Vice President in 1800, 
and for President in 1804 and 1808. It was Gen. Pinck- 
ney who replied to a suggestion that peace might be pur- 
chased with money, "Millions for defence, but not a cent 
for tribute." 

The toasts to Washington, Pinckney and the ladies were 
plainly the most popular. There was at that time no sym- 
pathy in this region with the party headed by Jefferson, 
but in these toasts that party is treated with respect. A 
few years later, men expressed more openly and freely 
their utter contempt for their political opponents. Charles 
Prentiss delivered a poem at Brookfield on Independence 
Day, 1813, which was published "by request." In his 
notes on his poem he calls Jefferson's first inaugural address 
"that elaborate tissue of open falsehood and consummate 
hypocrisy." The following was one of the toasts at a 
Hardwick celebration on July 4th, 1812: "James Madi- 



—13— 

son — It is not the most distinguishing trait of his character 
that he does wrong by design, but that he should never do 
right by mistake." The party of Jefferson had no less 
contempt for the Federalists. Page, in his history of Hard- 
wick (p. 281, n.), quotes a toast once proposed by an anti- 
Federalist in a neighboring town: "The Federalists — may 
they die and be buried, and sleep till the Resurrection, and 
if God hasn't a better opinion of them than I have he won't 
call on them then." 

It is evident that the women and children had no share 
in this celebration. It was purely a man's affair, limited 
to the soldiers of Oakham and gentlemen of this and neigh- 
boring towns. The last toast, to the ladies, was given in 
their absence. Men and women did not associate together, 
outside the families, as freely as they do now. Their inter- 
ests were different, and they had not so much in common. 
The men had their sports, such as wrestling, hunting and 
fishing, their gatherings at the inns, their training days. 
With neighborly kindness they helped each other in clear- 
ing the land, picking stones, and building houses. In these 
occupations the women had no part. The women had their 
quilting bees and other gatherings for gossip and house- 
hold work, in which the men had no part. While there 
was a certain assumed inferiority of women, they were 
treated with great outward respect and their presence as 
lookers-on at Major Howe's inn, amid cheering men and 
firing platoons of soldiers, would have seemed very much 
out of place. Nor was there any thought of using the day 
to teach the children, all American born, the cost and 
value of their liberties. They heard that every day in 
school; it was common talk at home, and there was no 
danger of their forgetting it. 

As for Major Howe's punch, I do not think it likely that 
any soldier or citizen would consume an excessive amount 
of it. All the ingredients, except water, cost high and 



—14— 

were used sparingly. With no ice to keep it cool, it would 
not improve as that hot afternoon wore on. The punch 
served at soldiers' musters had a wide reputation for 
weakness. It is related that at a Connecticut muster, the 
Colonel's horse on one occasion drank a pailful without 
affecting its gait in the slightest on the subsequent parade. 
This celebration, held so many years ago, was a very sin- 
cere and hearty observance of Independence Day, with all 
that it meant to those early patriots. There were the devo- 
tional exercises, the patriotic address, the manceuvers of 
the soldiers, the dinner, and the toasts, with punch, loud 
cheers, and volleys of musketry. It was hospitable ; gentle- 
men from this and neighboring towns were especial guests 
of the soldiers. It was at the same time religious and con- 
vivial. It was perfectly natural, as customs then were, that 
it should begin with prayer in the meeting-house and end 
with punch at the tavern. This kind of patriotic observance 
of the nation's holiday may seem strange to us, but not 
more so than our field-days or our celebrations on the Fourth 
of July would have seemed to the men of 1797. Ideas and 
customs have changed much in one hundred and thirteen 
years, some for the better and some for the worse. No 
New England town would now include even a mild indulg- 
ence in any form of spirituous liquor in its program for a 
Fourth of July celebration ; but in this age of peace and 
prosperity we are in danger of forgetting that American 
liberty was obtained at great cost. We have less apprecia- 
tion than our fathers had of a government by the people, 
and much less reverence for things that ought to be held 
sacred. We celebrate the nation's birthday with no prayer 
or psalm, and with little thought of its origin and meaning ; 
and what have we to say in defense of the destruction of 
property on this our chief holiday, and the losses of life and 
limb, which in a period of eight years were at least one third 
as great as the losses in battle on the American side during 



—15— 

the entire eight years of the Revolutionary War? 4 If the 
celebration of 1797 seems strange to us, will not our noisy, 
insane, and unpatriotic Fourth of July demonstrations seem 
far more strange to people who dwell here one hundred 
and thirteen years hence? 



4 The losses on the American side in the fifty land battles of the 
Revolutionary War have been estimated at : Killed in action and 
mortally wounded, 3,800; wounded, 8,200. 

The losses due to the celebration of Independence Day during 
the eight years, 1903-1910, as given in the Journal of the American 
Medical Association, were: Killed (including those who died as the 
result of their wounds), 1,662; injured, 35,620. Of the deaths, 
968 were from tetanus. Of the injured, 2,646 met with irrepara- 
ble losses: 551 lost one eye; 122 lost both eyes; 1,073 lost arms, 
legs, hands, or fingers. As a result of the nation-wide campaign 
for a "safe and sane Fourth," the number of deaths has decreased 
from 466 in 1903 to 57 in 1911, and the number of injured from 
5,308 in 1906 to 1,546 in 191 1. 




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OAKHAM HISTORICAL SOCIETY 



President 
Henry P. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Vice President 
Mrs. Maria T. Rugg Oakham, Mass. 

Secretary 
Henry B. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Treasurer and Curator 
Charles M. Packard Westboro, Mass. 

MEMBERS 

Charlotte Adams Oakham, Mass. 

*Mrs. James C. Allen Coldbrook Springs, Mass. 

Jesse Allen Oakham, Mass. 

Wayland Angier Oakham, Mass. 

Mrs. Wayland Angier Oakham, Mass. 

Kate M. Ayres Oakham, Mass. 

*Avery C. Bullard Oakham, Mass. 

*Mrs. Avery C. Bullard Oakham, Mass. 

Laura G. Burt Oakham, Mass. 

* Deceased. 



—17— 

♦William A. Burt Oakham, Mass. 

Sara E. Butler Oakham, Mass. 

John G. Crawford Manchester, N. H. 

Lewis W. Davis Barre, Mass. 

Daniel H. Dean Cambridge, Mass. 

Gardner M. Dean Oakham, Mass. 

Henry E. Dean Worcester, Mass. 

Oliver M. Dean Worcester, Mass. 

Edwin S. Gould Providence, R. I. 

*Amory J. Holden Oakham, Mass. 

Catherine McFarland Burlington, Iowa. 

Mrs. Eleanor McFarland Copeland Burlington, Iowa. 

John McFarland Burlington, Iowa. 

Richard McFarland Burlington, Iowa. 

William McFarland Dickinson, North Dakota. 

William F. McFarland Burlington, Iowa. 

Mrs. William F. McFarland Burlington, Iowa. 

Mrs. Martha A. Malcolm Oakham, Mass. 

Blanche E. Packard Westboro, Mass. 

Charles M. Packard Westboro, Mass. 

F. Kimball Packard Brooksville, Fla. 

N. Wendell Packard Westboro, Mass. 

Mrs. N. Wendell Packard Westboro, Mass. 

Harry B. Parker Coldbrook Springs, Mass. 

G. Phillips Oakham, England. 

Mrs. H. L. Pierce Barre, Mass. 

Bert S. Reed Oakham, Mass. 

♦Sumner Reed Oakham, Mass. 

Mrs. Maria T. Rugg Oakham, Mass. 

Curtis E. Spooner Philadelphia, Pa. 

Mrs. O. D. Tottingham Oakham, Mass. 

Charles H. Trowbridge Oakham, Mass. 

Mrs. Charles H. Trowbridge Oakham, Mass. 

♦Alfred P. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Alice L. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Ellsworth Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Henry B. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Henry P. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

Mrs. Henry P. Wright New Haven, Conn. 

* Deceased. 



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